Abstract
This article presents a collection of spears from the Balkan region (the territory of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia) characterised by a specific structural feature hitherto undocumented in the literature – wings attached to the socket perpendicularly to the plane of the blade. The impetus for this study was the revision of two finds recovered from the Sava River, currently housed in the Museum of the Franciscan Monastery in Tolisa. The text provides a morphological and metric description of this weapon group and critically evaluates their current, inconsistent chronological classification. The author analyses two dating alternatives: the hypothesis of hook-spears (Hakenlanzen; 4th–7th century) and the possibility placing these specimens in the Late Medieval to Early Modern period (15th–17th century), a view towards which the author inclines based on analogues of reversely mounted wings, toggles and pegs. This work fills a lacuna in the typology of bladed weapons in the Balkan region and serves as a catalogue for future research.
Introduction
Over the past decade, the author has repeatedly focused on the documentation of Early Medieval spears (Hendry – Vlasatý 2022; Vlasatý 2014; 2019; 2021; 2022; 2023a; 2023b; 2024; 2025a; 2025b; Wikborg – Vlasatý 2025). Within the scope of this research, particular attention was paid to winged spears, attempting to establish a combinatory typology of winged structures. In all instances, this typology operates on the unwritten rule that the wings of Early Medieval spears were fixed on opposite sides so that they lay within the plane of the blade, an assumption with which the foundational literature on this weapon type also operates.
At the beginning of 2026, we were contacted by Pero Matkić, a researcher at the Bosnian Museum of the Franciscan Monastery Tolisa “Vrata Bosne”, with a request to identify two Bosnian spears whose wings are mounted perpendicularly to the plane of the blade. Whilst searching for analogues, we discovered that despite isolated parallels, there is no comprehensive study or catalogue that would allow for their precise chronological anchoring.
The following paper aspires to provide precisely such a comprehensive synthesis. Its objective is to present the retrieved specimens (including their provenance and metric data) and to offer a synthesis of existing knowledge alongside the author’s own assessments. The resulting text is intended for archaeologists, collectors, manufacturers, and historical weapon enthusiasts, whom it may assist in their own research.
Description of the Group
The group of spears under discussion is characterised by a closed socket, which accounts for approximately two-fifths of the total length. This is followed by the blade, offset by relatively wide shoulders with cutting edges that run to the tip in a straight line or a gentle curve. The widest point of the blade is located just above the shoulders, at the onset of the cutting edges, usually at half the length of the spearhead. In most cases, the blade features a central ridge, which can be relatively low, maintaining the diamond cross-section of the blade (e.g. the spear from the Sava River near Novi Grad), or it can be prominently raised (e.g. the spears from an unknown Herzegovinian locality and from the Sava River near Zorice). The ridge may also extend onto the neck of the spear; however, the mouth of the socket is mostly circular, rarely faceted (s (e.g., the spear from Maoča). In profile, the spear tapers progressively from the mouth of the socket to the tip. The socket may be equipped with a pair of short projections on an axis perpendicular to the plane of the blade, serving to ensure better stability of the head on the shaft.
The spears range in length from approximately 20 to 50 cm (the length of known pieces varies between 24 and 44 cm, though it remains unknown for certain specimens). The blade is at least 4 cm wide at the widest point of the smaller specimens. The socket diameter of the known finds reaches 2.5–3.5 cm. This series of spears features a pair of opposing wings attached to the socket which, contrary to convention, are mounted perpendicularly to the plane of the blade, rendering these spears extraordinary. The span of the wings exceeds 7 cm, with a length of over 5 cm.
Fig. 1: Schematic drawing of the spear. Author: Diego Flores Cartes.
Wings may be slightly offset from the socket mouth (see the spear from the Sava River near Zorice), they may rest directly against it, or they may extend beyond the mouth (in which case the ends of the wings could have been bent towards the shaft). For the manufacture of the wings, a round or faceted bar was used, with a diameter or side length of at least 0.7 cm, bent into a right angle or an arc in the manner of barbs. In the case of wings with a circular cross-section, the part adjacent to the socket is flattened into a small plate; with faceted material, the cross-section can remain more or less identical throughout the entire length of the wing (see the spear from the Sava River near Zorice). The material of the wing may taper towards the apex (e.g. the spear from Korenita). On some spears, the wings are riveted, with the holes for rivets or small nails located approximately at mid-height of the flattened base of the wings. The spearhead was apparently attached to the shaft by means of these nails. Thanks to this simple procedure, the labor-intensive welding of the wings, which could potentially damage the product, was eliminated. Other wings (e.g., on the spear from Maoča) are likely welded on.
The collection currently comprises 12 specimens, though it is anticipated that further unpublished or overlooked pieces will be identified in the coming years. The described specimens originate from the territories of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary and Serbia. Consequently, it appears to be a phenomenon tied to the Central European-Balkans region. A massive spear of identical construction, which is exhibited in the Moravian Museum in Brno and lacks any descriptive label (personal observation), is intentionally excluded from this list; it is possible that this is a copy of a Balkan piece (as suggested by its resemblance to a spear from an unknown Croatian locality exhibited in the Military Museum in Belgrade). Almost half of the specimens come from unknown provenances, with a portion originating from private collections. The spears derive almost exclusively from non-contextual situations.
Map 1: Distribution of spears with reversely mounted wings.
Spears with wings mounted on an axis perpendicular to the plane of the blade are essentially unknown in the literature. They are absent from both overview literature on medieval spears (Dean 1928: Pl. III; Ellehauge 1948) and foundational works on Early Medieval winged spears (Bouzy 1994; Hjardar – Vike 2016: 176-7; Husár 2014; Kouřil 2005; Kovács 1980; Kurasiński 2005; Paulsen 1967; 1969; Steinacker 1999; Szabó 1974; Szameit 1987; 2005; Ypey 1982), as well as Balkan papers on Early Medieval militaria (Bavec 1991; Bekić 2003; Belošević 2007: 278-9; Demo 2010; Ivančan 2004; 2007; Janković 1983; Miletić 1979; 1991; Sajdl 2018; 2020; Tomičić 1968; 1985; 2013; Vinski 1977-1978; 1981; 1985). Analogous spears do not feature in the literature on Late Antique (Bugarski 2009a; Dmitrović – Radčević 2009; Srejović et al. 1983) or High and Late Medieval sites (Minić – Vukadin 2007; Popović 1999). Investigations into medieval Balkan iconography have likewise yielded no results (Bešlagić 1979; Otašević 2017).
Existing literature offers no unequivocal chronological definition. The spear from the Prilipac site has previously been dated to the Carolingian period, specifically to the beginning of the 9th century (Bućić – Petrović 1985: 13; Zotović et al. 1978: 118) or to the 9th–10th century (Mandić 1995: 33, 94). The spear exhibited in the Moravian Museum in Brno is, without any labelling, categorised among the Great Moravian finds (personal observation). According to Kovač, a spear from a private Croatian collection is of Italian origin and can be dated to the 9th century or later (Kovač 2003: 63). In Peković’s publications, the spear from the Liplje site is dated to the 14th–15th century (Peković 2006: 121; 2015: 323); however, the author conceded in a private discussion that this dating was urged by a reviewer of the book, while he himself inclines towards the end of the 11th or beginning of the 12th century. Following the model of Peković’s catalogues, Sajdl dates the Prilipac find to the Late Middle Ages (Sajdl 2020: 132). A specimen from an unknown locality in Herzegovina is labelled in the museum in Ljubuški as a 15th-century hunting spear (personal observation). Škrivanić inclines towards a medieval dating (Škrivanić 1957: 84). It is therefore evident that dating varies significantly among individual authors and no consensus exists.
The shape of most shorter spears is in itself relatively universal across centuries and provides no clear testimony regarding the period of its origin. Helpful clues may thus be provided by the accompanying wings or, alternatively, solely by the appearance of the larger spears. Simple wings made of faceted material, secured to the socket by rivets and simultaneously overlapping the socket, are a characteristic feature of hook-spears (Hakenlanzenspitzen), which were widespread across a large part of Western (Hüpper-Dröge 1983: Fig. 13b; Koch 1982: 42; Reichmann 2013: Fig. 2), Southern (Rupp 2006: Tab. 51.3), and Central Europe (Husár 2014: Tab. XVI) during the 4th–7th centuries. To our knowledge, such spears are absent from the monitored Balkan area (Bugarski 2009b; Dimitrijević et al. 1962; Mrkobrad 1980). The spears of this group could theoretically represent a local variant of Merovingian-period hook-spears. In our judgment, an assignment to the Carolingian era lacks justification.
Fig. 2: Hook-spears of the 4th–7th century.
Source: Husár 2014: Tab. XVI.1; Reichmann 2013: Fig. 2; Rupp 2006: Tab. 51.3.
An alternative and equally plausible interpretation is the assignment of these spears to the Late Medieval to Early Modern period (15th–17th century). Not only do short spears with a raised ridge not contradict this dating (e.g. Marek 2008: Fig. 127a; Vračar 2016: 78), but the longer and more massive weapons in particular can hardly be designated as Early Medieval. This dating may also be suggested by the inverted orientation of the wings itself: reversely mounted methods of socket widening are known from the 16th–17th centuries. This refers especially to pivoting toggles that were riveted to one side of the socket and could be turned perpendicularly to the plane of the blade (e.g. Royal Armouries Leeds: inv. no. VII.81; MET New York: inv. no. 14.25.305, 14.25.323, 14.25.453, 14.25.457; Saint Louis Art Museum: inv. no. 42:1919). Another method involves the use of a thick bar that either replaces a rivet in the socket (MET New York: inv. no. 14.25.411) or is inserted directly into the blade at its widest point (Diener-Schönberg 1905: Fig. 8). On the other hand, it must be stated that during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, wings positioned in line with the blade were predominantly used in the region under study (Sijarić 2014: 216–221), or rings from which projections extended towards the edge in line with the blade (Husár – Oţa 2022: 349–351; Mitič 2018–2019: Tab. III.1). Given the current state of knowledge, it is impossible to decide unequivocally into which of these two epochs the group fits, and it is necessary to await spears originating from a conclusive and well-datable context. An analysis of organic remains (shafts, etc.) could also assist in an exact determination. Until then, this group should not be prematurely labelled as Early Medieval.
Fig. 3: Unconventionally mounted socket widenings of the 16th–17th century.
Top: pivoting toggle (MET New York, inv. no. 14.25.305).
Middle: thick bar replacing a rivet (MET New York, inv. no. 14.25.411).
Bottom: thick bar inserted into the blade (Diener-Schönberg 1905: Fig. 8).
Catalogue
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Surprisingly, spears of this type are absent from the foundational overviews of medieval militaria from Bosnia (Ćurčić 1943; Sijarić 2014; Vračar 2016).
- Lokalita: Maoča. A stray find from a locality known as an archaeological site yielding spurs and horseshoes..
Uložení a inv. č.: Brčko Museum. Inventory number not assigned, accession number 739/251.
Stručný popis: Information regarding its existence was obtained by the author from P. Matkić, who had observed the spear in the possession of his friend Miralem Bećarević, who subsequently donated the weapon to the local museum in Brčko. Vanja Žigić from the Brčko Museum confirmed the existence of the spear, stating that it became part of the collection in 2022. The spear, with a total length of 43.7 cm and a blade width of 5.5 cm, features a prominent midrib extending onto the neck. The socket is slightly faceted at the mouth and is equipped with two opposing stabilizing projections. Located above them is a pair of likely welded-on wings with a span of 7.6 cm. The socket diameter is 3.3 cm
Literature: Unpublished.
More photographs can be viewed or downloaded by clicking the following link:
Fig. 4: The spear from Maoča. Photo by Vanja Žigić.
- Site: Sava River, Novi Grad, Odžak.
Repository and Inv. No.: Discovered on 6 August 2022 in the Sava River, the spear is well-preserved. The total length is 39.4 cm, of which 19.9 cm accounts for the sharpened section of the blade. At its widest point, the blade measures 4.35 cm in width (at this point, it has a thickness of 1.2 cm, from where it tapers to approximately 0.5 cm roughly 1 cm before the tip). The blade features a raised central ridge. At its narrowest point, the neck measures 1.75 cm × 1.75 cm in both directions. The socket has a width of 3.15 cm at the mouth and is filled with wood fragments. On the socket were two opposing, now broken-off wings with a current length of 4.5 and 5.5 cm, which reached or extended beyond the socket mouth. The wings were secured to the socket by means of rivets.
Literature: Unpublished.
More photographs, published with the permission of the museum, can be viewed or downloaded by clicking the following link:
Fig. 5: Spear from the Sava River near Novi Grad. Author: Pero Matkić.
- Site: Sava River, Zorice, Odžak.
Repository and Inv. No.: Museum of the Franciscan Monastery Tolisa “Vrata Bosne”. Without inv. no.
Brief description: A well-preserved spear with a total length of 43 cm was found in the Sava River on 27 March 2025. The sharpened section of the blade is 23.7 cm long. The blade features a raised central ridge; the thickest point of the blade measures 1.8 cm, from where it tapers to 1.1 cm roughly 5 cm before the tip. At its narrowest point, the neck has a thickness of 2 cm. The socket has a width of 3.5 cm at the mouth. Located on the socket are two opposing wings made of faceted material with a thickness of approximately 0.7 cm. The wings do not reach the mouth, and their apex is situated roughly 5.5 cm from the mouth.
Literature: Unpublished.
More photographs, published with the permission of the museum, can be viewed or downloaded by clicking the following link:
Fig. 6: Spear from the Sava River near Zorice. Author: Pero Matkić.
- Site: Unknown Herzegovinian locality.
Repository and Inv. No.: Archaeological Museum Humac, Ljubuški. Inv. no. unknown. An attempt to contact the museum was unsuccessful.
Brief description: A well-preserved, massive spear with a length of at least 30 cm. It is equipped with a reinforcing ridge running down the center of the blade. On the sides of the socket are two wings made from a simple iron bar, which are bent at a right angle; in the section adjacent to the socket, they are flattened into a small plate and apparently extend beyond the socket mouth. We would like to thank P. Matkić for the information regarding the existence of this spear.
Literature: Unpublished.
Fig. 7: Spear from an unknown Herzegovinian locality.
Author: Pero Matkić.
Croatia
Spears of this type are absent from the overview literature on Croatian medieval militaria (Bošković 2000; Šercer 1972; 1976; Turk 2006).
- Site: Unknown.
Repository and Inv. No.: Private Croatian collection. In 2003, the spear was displayed at the exhibition Ubojite oštrice (Deadly Blades) in the gallery of the Oršić Castle in the municipality of Gornja Stubica under inv. no. 266.
Brief description: A well-preserved spear with a total length of 41 cm is equipped with a reinforcing ridge running down the center of the blade. On the sides of the socket are two wings made from a simple iron bar. The wings are bent at a right angle, flattened into a small plate in the section adjacent to the socket, and reach up to the socket mouth. The spear is mounted on a modern shaft.
Literature: Kovač 2003: 63, Cat. No. 88.
Fig. 8: Spear from a private Croatian collection.
Source: Kovač 2003: Cat. No. 88.
- Site: Unknown.
Repository and Inv. No.: Military Museum, Belgrade (?).
Brief description: Galvanic copies of two spears with reversed wings (one measuring roughly 25 cm, the other over 40 cm) are suspended on the display wall of the Military Museum, mounted on modern shafts. According to a statement by M. Peković, these are not copies of the spear from Liplje, but rather copies of finds from unknown Croatian localities. The copies have been part of the exhibition since 1961.
Literature: Unpublished.
Fig. 9: Galvanic copy of a spear from the Military Museum in Belgrade.
Source: commons.wikimedia.org.
Hungary
Site: Vicinity of Veszprém.
Repository and Inv. No.: Private collection.
Brief description: At the end of June 2026, we were contacted by archaeologist Zsombor Felber from the museum in Veszprém, who informed us that a spearhead had been found several years ago during a site survey and remains in a private collection. The site contained some Roman artifacts from the 2nd–3rd centuries. Since an official publication is planned for the end of 2026, it is not possible to share more detailed information or a photograph. From the obtained photographs, it is apparent that this is a spearhead with a total length of about 37 cm, of which approximately 16 cm consists of the blade. The blade, which exceeds 6 cm in width at its widest point, is flat and without a reinforcing rib. The wings, exceeding 5 cm in length, are flattened, bent at a right angle, and extend past the mouth of the socket.
Literature: Unpublished, publication planned for the end of 2026.
Serbia
The author has purposefully examined the main catalogues of medieval militaria. The majority of them do not contain spears of this type (see Aleksić 2001; Brmbolić 2000; Cunjak 1999; 2005; Đurović – Ristić 2022: 41-51; Lalović 1982; Mitić 2018-2019; Mitrović 2010; Ninković 2009; Pop-Lazić 1983; Vetnić 1983).
- Site: Prilipac (Прилипац), Požega. Discovered at the site of a damaged Late Antique to Early Medieval cemetery.
Repository and Inv. No.: National Museum Užice (?).
Brief description: The spear, with a total length of 32 cm, was discovered during an archaeological excavation of a cemetery in a stone quarry in the 1970s. A raised ridge runs through the center of the blade, and two flattened wings are attached to the socket, reaching almost to the socket mouth.
Literature: Bućić – Petrović 1985: 13, Fig. 10h; Mandić 1995: 33, 94, Тab. XX.1; Sajdl 2020: 132, Tab. II.7-8; Zotović et al. 1978: 118.
Fig. 10: Spear from the Prilipac site. Source: Sajdl 2020: Tab. II.7–8.
- Site: Liplje (Липље), Ljig. Discovered in 1935 during ploughing near pottery and Hungarian coins dating from the late 14th to early 15th century; subsequently sold to the museum. The accompanying artefacts were destroyed during the Second World War.
Repository and Inv. No.: Military Museum, Belgrade. Inv. no. 16041.
Brief description: The spear, measuring 24.1 cm in length, features a reinforcing ridge running down the center of the blade and two opposing wings that reach up to the socket mouth.
Literature: Pekovič 2006: 121; 2015: 323, Cat. No. 428.
Fig. 11: Spear from the Liplje site. Source: Peković 2015: 323.
- Site: Unknown.
Repository and Inv. No.: Ethnographic Museum, Belgrade (?). An attempt to contact the museum was unsuccessful.
Brief description: A spear of unknown length with a raised central ridge and two reversely attached, opposing wings.
Literature: Škrivanić 1957: Fig. 40a.5.
Fig. 12: Spear from an unknown locality. Source: Škrivanić 1957: Fig. 40a.5.
- Site: Korenita (Коренита), Loznica.
Repository and Inv. No.: Private collection of Aleksa Marjanović (Алекса Марјановић).
Brief description: In February 2021, a Serbian collector shared the find of a well-preserved spear in an online discussion, whereupon the author contacted him. The spear, measuring 33.5 cm in length and weighing 0.45 kg, was a non-contextual find from March 2019. It features a raised central ridge on the blade and two opposing wings made from a thick, right-angled bar that reaches the socket mouth. Apertures for rivets are visible in the middle of the wings. The socket diameter is 2.5 cm, the wing span is 8 cm, and the width of the neck at its narrowest point is 1.8 cm. The socket is equipped with two stabilising projections.
Literature: Unpublished.
More photographs can be viewed or downloaded by clicking the following link:
Fig. 13: Spear from an unknown Serbian locality. Source: Aleksa Marjanović.
Acknowledgements
This article would not have been possible without the initiative of Pero Matkić (Museum of the Franciscan Monastery Tolisa “Vrata Bosny”), who reviewed several Bosnian finds and stimulated the author’s interest in the topic. For this, great thanks are due. Special thanks to Vanja Žigić (Brčko Museum) for sharing detailed data and information on the spear from Maoča. We would like to thank Zsombor Felber (Dezső Laczkó Museum in Veszprém) for bringing the Hungarian find to our attention. Thanks are also extended to Aleksandar Sajdl, who assisted us with the Serbian finds and literature. The finds from the Military Museum in Belgrade were discussed with Mirko Peković. Aleksa Marjanović deserves recognition for granting us access to his unpublished find. The material was further consulted with Goran Bilogrivić (University of Rijeka), Kristián Jócsik (archeoreenactment), and Karel Loukota (grizzlyforge.cz). Last but not least, our gratitude goes to Diego Flores Cartes for his prompt and precise execution of the illustration.
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