The author has dedicated significant research to early medieval spears over the past decade (Hendry – Vlasatý 2022; Vlasatý 2014; 2019; 2021; 2022; 2023a; 2023b; 2024; 2025). This work has facilitated an examination of previously unpublished winged spear finds from the Czech Republic, the number of which has been increasing due to the heightened activity of metal detectorists.
This rise in new finds prompted the author to compile a comprehensive catalog of winged spears for the entire territory of the Czech Republic – a resource that has not existed until now. In comparison to other regions, such as Austria (Szameit 1982; 1987), Hungary (Kovács 1980), the Netherlands (Ypey 1982), Poland (Kurasiński 2005), Slovakia (Husár 2014), and former Yugoslavia (Demo 2010; Sajdl 2020), Czech archaeology has lacked a systematic overview of this material. Researchers have thus far relied on fragmented works, such as articles by P. Kouřil (2005) focusing on Moravia and Silesia, and studies by N. Profantová (2011; 2019) concerning Bohemia. Earlier attempts at a synthetic treatment were made by L. Niederle (1894: 208-9; 1925: 550-1), J. Kudrnáč (1948: 69-72), and Z. Měřínský (2002: 390-2).
Given the smaller geographical size of the Czech Republic, this subject can be addressed more efficiently than in countries like Germany or France, where any revision would face a massive number of finds. This has created a natural need for a document that can be updated with future discoveries. The catalog includes only fully defined winged spears, not those with alternative methods of widening the socket, such as the examples from Prague – Michle or Milíčov. Furthermore, winged spears later than the 11th century are excluded. Spears from more recent centuries, unlocalized pieces, or items mistakenly classified as winged spears are listed in a supplementary section. This article is intended for archaeologists, reenactors, artisans, and anyone with an interest in early medieval warfare.
Introduction
Winged spears, known in Czech academic literature by various names such as kopí s křidélky, kopí s křídly (Eisner 1948: 382), okřídlená kopí (Kudrnáč 1948: 69-72; Niederle 1925: 551), rozkřídlená kopí (Červinka 1928: 213), křidélková kopí (Smetánka 1993: 10), křidélkatá kopí (Gravett 2008: 31), křídlatá kopí (Kouřil 2014: 59), or ušatá kopí (Kouřil 2004), represent only a minor component of the early medieval spear finds from the Czech Republic. They are generally considered to be Western Carolingian imports, although local imitations cannot be ruled out (Měřínský 2002: 390-2; Profantová 2011). It is also plausible that these weapons entered Czech territory through trade or as spoils of war (Kudrnáč 1948: 69-72; 1950: 113). Certain luxurious and symbolically full examples may have been brought to the Czech lands as a princely gift (Schramm 1954; Turek 1982: 120-1; Wegener 1955).
Map 1: Geographic distribution of winged spears within the Czech Republic.
The distribution map reveals a significant discrepancy in the number of finds between Moravia and Bohemia. While winged spears in Moravia are found primarily in Great Moravian graves, they are conspicuously absent from Bohemian graves. It is noteworthy, as Kouřil states, that not a single one of these spears has been recovered from a church burial site (Kouřil 2005). All known grave-finds of winged spears originate from “burial grounds of a military – guarding rather than agrarian-pastoral character, which are mostly situated in the hinterland of extensive settlement agglomerations, exceptionally also out of their range, that is, prevailingly in a rural environment” (Kouřil 2014: 64).
This phenomenon is explained by the idea that winged spears may “give evidence of the symbolic distribution of monarchic power from the centre to rural areas and to peripheral or tributary regions” (Kouřil 2014: 51). The geographical distribution of the spears is also interpreted as being concentrated along important communication routes (Kouřil 2005: 94; Profantová 2011: 75; 2019: 268). However, alternative explanations exist; for instance, Měřínský (1990: 304) posits that the high concentration of finds in Moravia is a consequence of the Avar-Frankish wars. Beranová and Lutovský (2009: 169) also speculate on the possibility that some of the lost spears belonged to the Frankish army.
In the literature, it is common practice to date the winged spears from the Great Moravian area to the first half of the 9th century, specifically to its second quarter (Kouřil 2005). However, some grave finds have since been redated to the third quarter of the 9th century (e.g., Hošek et al. 2019: 179). Nonetheless, virtually all authors agree that winged spears continued to be used in the following centuries, as the subsequent chapter will demonstrate.
Iconography
The only iconographic evidence for the use of winged spears that can be demonstrably sourced from within the Czech Republic between the 9th and 11th centuries comes from the so-called Libušín carvings. These consist of a set of 18 marlstones from the southwestern corner of the inner rampart of the Libušín hillfort, which are decorated with very schematic engravings. Winged spears can be identified on two of these engravings, specifically on stones numbered 75/49 (Váňa 1973: Fig. XIX; Váňa – Kabát 1971: Fig. 68) and 85/49 (Váňa 1973: Fig. 42), which were likely created by the same artist. These spears feature leaf-shaped tips with long wings and exceptionally long shafts; based on their proportions, their length would have to reach at least 300 cm. Additionally, the shaft of the spear on stone 85/49 depicts a square banner with a cross symbol and tassels. Both spears are held in the right hand at head level and are aimed in front of the horse in an attacking posture.
Váňa originally dated the Libušín hillfort to the 9th and 10th centuries (Váňa 1973: 82-3), but he placed the specific equestrian scene on stone 85/49 at the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries (Váňa 1973: 66). This estimate is in relative agreement with Varadzin’s revised survey, which dates the hillfort’s existence to between the second third of the 10th and the second third of the 11th century (Varadzin 2012).
Fig. 1: Libušín carvings (left 75/49, right 85/49).
Author: János Mestellér.
A frequently cited piece of evidence for the use of winged spears by the Czech elite is the image of St. Wenceslas from the Wolfenbüttel Manuscript (Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, Cod. Guelf. 11.2 Aug 4°, fol. 18v). This manuscript was likely created shortly after 1002 (Třeštík 2007). The spear, which is equal in height to the figure of the saint, has standard wings forming the shape of a cross and is complemented by a quarter-circle banner with tassels. Unlike authors who attribute significant historical value to this scene (e.g., Eisner 1946: 9; 1948: 382), it is important to emphasize that the manuscript originates from modern-day Germany, likely from the Corvey monastery (Winterer 2009: 143). Its style corresponds to High Ottonian art, in which the spear held high symbolic importance (Vlasatý 2025).
Fig. 2: Image of Saint Wenceslas from the Wolfenbüttel Manuscript.
Source: Sommer – Velímský 2007: 39; Zachová 2010: 164.
The Vyšehrad Codex (Prague, National Library, XIV.A.13), dating to 1070–1086, is accompanied by a similar interpretational challenge. While earlier scholarship understood it to be a manuscript of Czech origin, current research views it as part of a group of at least four Gospels (the “Vyšehrad Codex Group”) produced in Bavaria during the second half of the 11th century (Černý 2001; Merhautová – Spunar 2006).
Winged spears are potentially depicted on three pages of the manuscript: 41r, 42r, and 43v. Page 68r shows Duke Wenceslas with a spear (with a painted shaft), which has traditionally been interpreted as a winged spear (Kudrnáč 1948: 72). However, a closer look reveals it is merely a schematically painted socket. On pages 41r and 42r, the spears are so schematic that it is impossible to determine whether they depict wings or just the sockets. Wings can be safely identified only on page 43v. All potential winged spears in the manuscript are the height of a person and are used alongside kite-shaped shields.
Fig. 3: Winged spears in the Vyšehrad Codex.
Source: Prague, National Library, XIV.A.13, 43v.
Winged spears may also be depicted on coins. Unlike Arpad-dynasty coins, which explicitly show the Holy Lance with wings (see Dulinicz 2004: Fig. 6), Czech coins from the 10th and 11th centuries feature highly schematic spears with banners. Here, they function as a sovereign’s insignia or a symbol of St. Wenceslas. In the case of the insignia, it is plausible that they are imitations of foreign coinages. These spears are sometimes indistinguishable from crosiers and crosses. The most promising candidates for depictions of winged spears are found on the coins of Jaromír (Cach type 264), Oldřich (Cach types 288, 293, 296), Břetislav I (Cach types 307-309, 316-317), Spytihněv II (Cach types 327-332), and Vratislav II (Cach types 333-334, 344, 348-351) (see Cach 1970; 1972).
Fig. 4: Denarius of Jaromír, Prague mint, type Cach 264.
Source: Cach 1970; auction onebid.cz.
Catalog
Bohemia
Roudnice nad Labem – Bezděkov
A chance find discovered no later than 1925. The neck has an octagonal cross-section with shallow fluting. Měřínský (2002: 390) mistakenly separates this find into two distinct pieces (the spear from Roudnice and the spear from Bezděkov). It should currently be housed at the museum in Litoměřice.
Total length: 38.5 cm.
Maximum blade width: ca. 3.6 cm.
Established dating: 9th century.
Literature: Niederle 1925: 550-1; Profantová 1998: 85, Fig. 3.3; 2011: 75, Fig. 5.2; Zápotocký 1965: 302, 313.
Fig. 5: Roudnice nad Labem – Bezděkov.
Source: Profantová 1998: Fig. 3.3; Zápotocký 1965: 313.
Skochovice
chance detector find, discovered on February 17, 2013, by Mr. P. Kolář in the Skochovice forest. The socket has a circular cross-section, and the neck is faceted.
Established dating: 8th-10th century.
Literature: Bláha – Novák 2015: 238; Žohová 2019: 47, Fig. 30; Profantová 2023: 56.
Fig. 6: Skochovice. Source: Žohová 2019: Fig. 30.
Moravia
Dolní Věstonice, grave 769/58
Found in 1958 in grave 769 along with a spur. The neck has a hexagonal cross-section. The shaft was made of yew wood.
Total length: 40.5 cm.
Maximum blade width: 4 cm.
Weight: 0.324 kg (current weight).
Literature: Tichý 1958: 62, Tab. 21.1; Kouřil 2005; Ungerman 2023a: 301-4, Fig. 219.5; 2023b: 289, Tab. 190.
Fig. 7: Dolní Věstonice. Source: Kouřil 2005: Fig. 2.6; Tichý 1958: Tab. 21.1.
Drysice
A chance grave find from 1939. It was discovered alongside an axe, a bucket, and a knife.
Total length: 47 cm.
Blade length: 33,2 cm.
Maximum blade width: 3.8 cm.
Outer socket diameter: 1,8 cm.
Weight: 0.324 kg.
Established dating: 1st half of the 9th century.
Literature: Dostál 1966: 124, Tab. XXXIX.10; Kouřil 2005.
Fig. 8: Drysice. Source: Kouřil 2005: Fig. 2.2.
Mikulčice, grave 1241
A grave find from grave 1241, discovered with an axe and spurs. The shaft was made of ash wood.
Total length: 50 cm.
Blade length: 39 cm.
Maximum blade width: 4 cm.
Outer socket diameter: 2.3 cm.
Weight: 0.487 kg.
Established dating: 1st half of the 9th century.
Literature: Kouřil 2005: 91; 2014: 324; Poláček 2016: 99.
Fig. 9: Mikulčice. Source: Kouřil 2005: Fig. 2.1.
Mokrůvky, grave 2
A grave find from 1984. It was discovered along with a sword, axe, spurs, knife, vessel, fire steel, and razor. According to Kouřil, the socket is slightly faceted.
Total length: 43.7 cm, after conservation 46 cm.
Blade length: 27,5 cm.
Maximum blade width: 5.3 cm, after conservation 5.5 cm.
Outer socket diameter: 2,8 cm.
Wingspan: 8.8 cm.
Weight: 0.387 kg.
Established dating: 3rd quarter of the 9th century.
Literature: Hošek et al. 2019: 179-180; Kouřil 2005; Měřínský – Unger 1990.
Fig. 10: Morkůvky. Source: Kouřil 2005: Fig. 2.3.
Pohansko u Břeclavi
A settlement find. A fragment of a faceted socket measuring 7.5 cm in length with an internal diameter of 2 cm.
Literature: Kouřil 2005; Macháček 2002; Měřínský 2002: 390.
Fig. 11: Pohansko u Břeclavi. Source: Macháček 2002: inv. no. 81702.
Kladoruby – Andělka
A chance detector find from 2015. The socket has a circular cross-section.
Total length: 38.5 cm.
Wingspan: 7,9 cm.
Outer socket diameter: 2.6 cm.
Weight: 0.406 kg.
Literature: Vích et al. 2021: 379, Fig. 10.1.
Fig. 12: Kladoruby – Andělka. Source: Vích et al. 2021: Fig. 10.1.
Hulín – Pravčice, grave H98
A grave find from grave H98. It was discovered in 2007 along with an axe, a spur, a small bucket, and a ceramic vessel. The restored appearance of the spear does not match the original shape. The faceted neck is decorated with fluting, and the center of the blade was likely pattern-welded. A roughly 2 cm long piece of the shaft is preserved. A layer of textile is located between the socket and the shaft.
Total length: 48.5-50 cm.
Maximum blade width: 5.5 cm.
Weight: 0.996 kg (measured before conservation).
Established dating: 9th century.
Literature: Kalábek et al. 2011: 171, Fig. 13.5; Večeřová 2012.
Fig. 13: Hulín – Pravčice. Source: Kalábek et al. 2011: Fig. 13.5; Večeřová 2012.
Vlachovice
In 2014, a robust winged spear with a total length of about 50.5 cm was found in the cadastre of the village of Vlachovice. The author had the opportunity to examine this spear very briefly in July 2025 during a visit to the Otrokovice storage of the Museum of Southeast Moravia in Zlín, where the spear is stored under inv. no. A89508-A89513 (accession number 472/2016). The width of the blade is about 5.7 cm. The socket is exceptionally wide, the outer diameter is about 4.6 cm. The span of the wings was not measured.
Literature: unpublished. Author’s archive.
Břeclav region
In 2021, a salvage archaeological excavation (led by Michala Přibylová), conducted in connection with the construction of the Moravia gas pipeline, uncovered a grave containing a winged spear and a spur near Břeclav. The total length exceeds 35 cm. The spearhead is most likely covered by a sheath.
Literature: unpublished. Author’s archive.
Silesia
Hradec nad Moravicí, grave 1
A grave find. Discovered together with spurs, an axe, a vessel, knives, and a razor. The shaft was made of ash wood.
Total length: 42 cm.
Blade width: 30,8 cm.
Maximum blade width: 3.1 cm.
Wingspan: 6.4 cm.
Outer socket diameter: 2.1 cm.
Weight: 0.326 kg.
Established dating: 1st half of the 9th century.
Literature: Kouřil 2004; 2005.
Fig. 14: Hradec nad Moravicí. Source: Kouřil 2005: Fig. 2.4.
Not included in the catalog
Brno – Maloměřice
The spear was discovered in grave 4 along with an axe and a spur. The socket preserves what appears to be a small potential wing, although this could be an accumulation of rust and debris. Until a personal examination or further revision of the spear is possible, it remains a candidate and is therefore excluded from the main catalogue.
Total length: 26.2 cm.
Literature: Dostál 1966: 117, Tab. IX.10.
Fig. 15: Brno – Maloměřice. Source: Dostál 1966: Tab. IX.10.
Uherské Hradiště (?)
The Museum of Moravian Slovakia houses a spearhead of unclear origin, which may come from the Uherské Hradiště agglomeration. The shaft has corroded low and elongated wings of an unusual shape, the upper edge of which seems to be set in such a way that it is bent towards the shaft. The wings reach the shaft hole. The point is equipped with pattern welding. The only available literature dates the spearhead to the period of the 10th-13th century. Given the method of production, we can broadly agree with this dating, yet based on the Polish material, the lower interval could be theoretically shifted to the 11th century (e.g. Nadolski 1954: 267-8; Sankiewicz – Wyrwa 2018). However, the exact dating cannot be clearly determined, and therefore this spearhead remains at the candidate level.
Literature: Baarová et al. 2006: 246.
Fig. 16: Uherské Hradiště (?). Source: Baarová et al. 2006: 246.
Rozvadov
During data collection, Mrs. Naďa Profantová informed us of a massive winged spear located in the collections of the West Bohemian Museum in Pilsen. We verified this information with the museum staff. Mr. František Frýda, however, confirmed that no such item is present in the museum’s holdings. It is possible that the spear is housed in another museum’s collection or a private collection.
Kostice
I. L. Červinka noted that a small winged spear from Kostice near Břeclav was brought to the Moravian Regional Museum in Brno shortly before 1928 (Červinka 1928: 214, Note 92). A few years later, he added that it was a spear with thorns on the socket from the A. Fiala collection, which he chronologically dated to the period of 375–500 CE (Červinka 1933: 41). Kudrnáč reflected only the first note (Kudrnáč 1948: 70). Klanicová records the find but does not specify its dating (Klanicová 2000: 170). The visual appearance of the spear is unknown, and it is not described in the original find report (ARÚ Brno 2098/58). Given the later discovery of graves with weapons in this locality (see Macháček et al. 2021), this information should not be dismissed. However, Červinka’s subsequent correction and the fact that the spear is absent from comprehensive works on the Great Moravian period (e.g., Dostál 1966) suggest it is likely not a true early medieval winged spear.
Milíčov
The spear from Milíčov is equipped with small protrusions on its neck that do not represent full-fledged wings and are not located in the typical wing position. Nevertheless, these protrusions are sometimes considered to be wings. This find was discovered along with one spearhead, three javelin heads, and three arrows.
Literature: Bubeník 1988: 145, Tab. CXLIV.3; Hlavenková 2020: 84.
Fig. 17: Milíčov. Source: Bubeník 1988: Tab. CXLIV.3.
Prague – Michle
Analogical protrusions on the socket neck are also found on a spear from grave no. 4 in Prague – Michle. These are also sometimes identified as wings. The spear’s length is 30.8 cm. It was found alongside spurs and ceramic vessels.
Literature: Hlavenková 2020: 91; Sláma 1977: 111-3, Abb. 26.20.
Fig. 18: Prague – Michle. Source: Sláma 1977: Abb. 26.20.
Třebušín
Around 1880, a huge socket made of a copper alloy was reportedly found at Kalich Castle, which was still in the private collection of F. Haneschka in the first half of the 20th century. It is currently in the museum in Litoměřice under inv. no. H 9658. The 21 cm long socket has a conical shape and an octagonal cross-section. The surface is decorated with geometric and plant motifs made of lines, clusters of lines and concentric circles. The upper opening, which is designed to encircle an iron spear inserted into it, is decorated with opposed open-mouthed profiled animal heads. The outer diameter at the lower mouth is 5.6 × 5.1 cm. On the sides of the socket there are two oppositely located wings, the span of which is 14.7 cm. There are holes for rivets under the wings. Due to the size of the socket, it is assumed that the original spear must have been of large dimensions and that the point together with the socket reached at least 50 cm in length. The diameter of the socket indicates that the shaft was also massive. The find is dated to the 12th-13th centuries.
Literature: Vlasatý 2024; Zápotocký 2018: 392-3.
Fig. 19: Třebušín. Source: Zápotocký 2018: 390.
Unlocated spear from the National Museum
In 1894, L. Niederle mentioned a winged iron spear in the “Prague Museum” with a label reading “unknown locality.” Three decades later, Niederle no longer included this spear in his discussion of winged spears (see Niederle 1925: 550-1), which suggests it had been reevaluated, likely due to a more precise dating. However, the mention of a spear from an unknown locality persisted in the literature for some time (see Kudrnáč 1948: 70; Preidel 1940: 492). It is highly probable that this was not the spear from Roudnice – Bězděkov, which remained at the Roudnice Museum in 1925. Jiří Košta, a curator at the National Museum, does not rule out the possibility that unpublished winged spears are housed in the National Museum’s depository (specifically in the Department of Older Czech History). However, he is certain that no unpublished early medieval winged spears are located in the Department of Archaeology.
Chřešťovice
In 1889, Woldřich reported a privately owned bronze miniature spear from the cadastral area of modern-day Chřešťovice. The object measures 11 cm in length, with a maximum width of 2.3 cm and a maximum thickness of 0.4 cm (Woldřich 1889: 96). Niederle classified it as a winged spear but simultaneously questioned whether it belonged to the same group as classic, full-sized iron spears (Niederle 1894: 209). To our knowledge, no further research has been conducted on the object.
The dating of the item cannot be definitively established, as nearby archaeological finds include Bronze Age hoards (Fröhlich et al. 2016) as well as an early medieval fortification and cemetery (Fröhlich et al. 2008: 220-1). While some miniature weapons and tools from the early historical period faithfully copy their full-sized prototypes, others are highly schematic (e.g., Beilke-Voigt 1998; Koch 1970). Miniature spears are known from early medieval Europe, with some examples showing clear similarities to full-sized counterparts (Gardeła 2022). Some full-sized West Slavic winged spears also resemble this miniature (Stempin 2024: 112). Currently, we know of only a limited number of miniature weapons in Slavic graves within the Czech Republic (Krumphanzlová 1992). Therefore, the identification of this remarkable object remains uncertain.
Fig. 20: Potential miniature spear from Chřešťovice.
Source: Woldřich 1889: Fig. 143.
Acknowledgment
The article was created with the help of colleagues, to whom we would like to express our sincere gratitude. These include Petr Dresler (Masaryk University Brno), Adam Fojtík (Museum of Southeast Moravia in Zlín), František Frýda (Museum of West Bohemia in Pilsen), Jiří Košta (National Museum Prague), Roman Král (King’s Craft), Naďa Profantová (Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences, Prague), Michala Přibylová (Archaia Brno) and David Spáčil (Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences, Brno).
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